Monoterpenes
D-Limonene- Terpene Profile
With its sweet and citrusy odor, it is one of the most frequently used fragrances in cosmetic formulations. In addition, it’s one of the most common terpenes in nature. It can be found in several food items but also in botanical insecticides and cleaning products. The medical properties of D-Limonene are well observed and include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperalgesic and antiviral effects.
Found in
Orange
Boiling Point
176℃
348℉
Medicinal qualities:
Anti-inflammatory
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citrus latifolia Tanaka Essential Oil and Limonene in Experimental Mouse Models.
Kummer, R., Fachini-Queiroz, F. C., Estevão-Silva, C. F., Grespan, R., Silva, E. L., Bersani-Amado, C. A., & Cuman, R. K. (2013)
Anti-anxiety & Sedative
Anti-stress effects of d-limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol.
d’Alessio, P. A., Bisson, J. F., & Béné, M. C. (2014)
Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L.
Carvalho-Freitas, M. I., & Costa, M. (2002)
Effects of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. in experimental anxiety models in mice.
de Moraes Pultrini, A., Galindo, L. A., Costa, M. (2006)
Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown.
Gurgel do Vale, T., Couto Furtado, E., Santos Jr., J. G., & Viana, G. S. B. (2002)
Antidepressant
Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, and essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits in a neuropathic pain model.
Piccinelli, A. C., Santos, J. A., Konkiewitz, E. C., Oesterreich, S. A., Formagio, A. S., Croda, J., Ziff, E. B., & Kassuya, C. A. (2015)
Analgesic
Limonene reduces hyperalgesia induced by gp120 and cytokines by modulation of IL-1 β and protein expression in spinal cord of mice.
Piccinelli, A. C., Morato, P. N., Dos Santos Barbosa, M., Croda, J., Sampson, J., Kong, X., Konkiewitz, E. C., Ziff, E. B., Amaya-Farfan, J., & Kassuya, C. A. (2017)
Reduces Drug-Dependency Behavior
Limonene Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Sensitizations via the Regulation of Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity
Gu, S. M., Kim, S. Y., Lamichhane, S., Hong, J.T., & Yun, J. (2019)
Antioxidant
Protective effects of D-limonene on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Murali, R., Karthikeyan, A., & Saravanan, R. (2013)
Antioxidative and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Lemon Essential Oil in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits.
Lee, H., Woo, M., Kim, M., Noh, J. S., & Song, Y. O. (2018)
In vitro
Anti-cancer
Targeting apoptosis pathway with natural terpenoids: implications for treatment of breast and prostate cancer.
Yang, H., & Dou, Q. P. (2010)
Induction of apoptosis by D-limonene is mediated by inactivation of Akt in LS174T human colon cancer cells.
Jia, S. S., Xi, G. P., Zhang, M., Chen, Y. B., Lei, B., Dong, X. S., & Yang, Y. M. (2013)
Limonene-induced regression of mammary carcinomas.
Haag, J. D., Lindstrom, M. J., & Gould, M. N. (1992)
Anti-inflammatory
Limonene suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Yoon, W. J., Lee, N. H., & Hyun, C. G. (2010)
Antioxidant
Protective Effect of D-Limonene against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage in Human Lens Epithelial Cells via the p38 Pathway.
Bai, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, G., & Liu, P. (2016)
The antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of citrus phenolics limonene and naringin.
Bacanlı, M., Başaran, A. A., & Başaran, N. (2015)
In vivo & in vitro
Anti-inflammatory
Skin repair properties of d-Limonene and perillyl alcohol in murine models.
d’Alessio, P. A., Mirshahi, M., Bisson, J. F., Bene, M. C. (2014)
Gastrointestinal health
Oral administration of d-limonene controls inflammation in rat colitis and displays anti-inflammatory properties as diet supplementation in humans.
d’Alessio, P. A., Ostan, R., Bisson, J. F., Schulzke, J. D., Ursini, M. V., & Béné, M. C. (2013)
High D-Limonene strain-specific terpene formulations:
50ml / 1.7oz$13200
250ml / 8.4oz$55000
50ml / 1.7oz$17100
250ml / 8.4oz$71200
Skin Repair
Skin repair properties of d-Limonene and perillyl alcohol in murine models.
d’Alessio PA, Mirshahi M, Bisson JF, Bene MC1. (2014)
Wound Healing Effect of Essential Oil Extracted from Eugenia dysenterica DC (Myrtaceae) Leaves
Sandra Márcia Mazutti da Silva, Claudio Rodrigues Rezende Costa, Guilherme Martins Gelfuso,3 Eliete Neves Silva Guerra,2 Yanna Karla de Medeiros Nóbrega,1 Sueli Maria Gomes,4 Aline Pic-Taylor, Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo, Damaris Silveira, and Pérola de Oliveira Magalhães. (2019)
Protective Effect of D-Limonene against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage in Human Lens Epithelial Cells via the p38 Pathway.
Bai J1, Zheng Y, Wang G, Liu P. (2016)